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SGLT2-I as first-line treatment

1. Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Diabetes Work Group KDIGO 2022 Clinical Practice Guideline for Diabetes Management in Chronic Kidney Disease. Volume 102, ISSUE 5, SUPPLEMENT, S1-S127, November 2022 doi.org/10.1016/j.kint.2022.06.008
2. Fieldhouse R, SGLT-2 inhibitors now first-line therapy for diabetes and CKD: new guidelines. Australian Doctor 23 January 2023.

Bionic pancreas shows promise

1. NIH Record. Bionic Pancreas Improves Type 1 Diabetes Management. October 28, 2022 Vol. LXXIV, No. 22.
2. Bionic Pancreas Research Group. Multicenter, Randomized Trial of a Bionic Pancreas in Type 1 Diabetes. N Engl J Med 2022; 387:1161-1172 DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2205225
3. Grossmann M. Multicenter, randomized trial of a bionic pancreas in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Research Review. Issue 135-2022. USDA approves DMT to prevent T1D.

  Gestational diabetes may (not) be associated with cardiovascular disease

1. Xie W, Wang Y, Xiao S, Qiu L, Yu Y, Zhang Z. Association of gestational diabetes mellitus with overall and type specific cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2022 Sep 21;378 e070244. doi: 10.1136/bmj-2022-070244. PMID: 36130740; PMCID: PMC9490552.
2. Grossman M. Diabetes Research Review, 135:4 December 12, 2022

T1D with CKD or AGEs increases fracture risk

1. Schwartz AV, Backlund, J-Y, de Boer I, et al., Risk factors for lower bone mineral density in older adults with type 1 diabetes: a cross-sectional study. Lancet Diabetes and Endocrinology 10:7 p509-518 July 1, 2022. doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(22)00103-6
2. Martineau P, Leslie WD. Trabecular bone score (TBS): Method and applications. Bone. 2017 Nov;104:66-72. doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2017.01.035. Epub 2017 Feb 1. PMID: 28159710.
3. Grossman M. Risk factors for lower bone mineral density in older adults with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Research Review issue 134, 22 November 2022.
4. Pothiwala P, Evans EM, Chapman-Novakofski KM. Ethnic variation in risk for osteoporosis among women: a review of biological and behavioral factors. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2006 Jul-Aug;15(6):709-19. doi: 10.1089/jwh.2006.15.709. PMID: 16910903.

Disease modifying therapy may prevent T1D

1. FDA News Release. FDA Approves First Drug That Can Delay Onset of Type 1 Diabetes. November 17, 2022. Accessed December 11, 2022 at fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-drug-can-delay-onset-type-1-diabetes
2. Tenne, J. US FDA approves first drug that can delay onset of type 1 diabetes. Endocrinology Practice Review. Issue 7, 2022.
3. JDRF News, FDA approves teplizumab to delay type 1 diabetes in at-risk individuals in US. Nov 18, 2022. Accessed December 11, 2022 at https://jdrf.org.au/fda-approves-teplizumab/

p10-15 The ocular complications of diabetes

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15. Chew EY, Davis MD, Danis RP, Lovato JF, Perdue LH, Greven C, et. al. The Effects of Medical Management on the Progression of Diabetic Retinopathy in Persons with Type 2 Diabetes: The ACCORD Eye Study. Ophthalmology. 2014 Dec; 121(12): 2443–2451.
16. Wright AD, Dodson PM. Medical management of diabetic retinopathy: fenofibrate and ACCORD Eye studies. Eye (Lond). 2011 Jul;25(7):843-9.
17. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group. Early photocoagulation for diabetic retinopathy. ETDRS report number 9. Ophthalmology, 1991 May;98(5 Suppl):766-85.
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19. Reddy SV, Husain D. Panretinal photocoagulation: A review of complications. Semin Ophthalmol 2018;33(1):83-88.
20. Aiello LM. Perspectives on diabetic retinopathy. Am J Ophthalmol 2003;136:122-135
21. Sharma N, Ooi J-L, Ong J, Newman D. The use of fenofibrate in the management of patients with diabetic retinopathy: an evidence-based review. Aust Fam Phys 44 (6) June 2015: 367-370.
22. Modjtahedi BS, Wu J, Luong TQ, Gandhi NK, Fong DS, Chen W. Severity of Diabetic Retinopathy and the Risk of Future Cerebrovascular Disease, Cardiovascular Disease, and All-Cause Mortality. Ophthalmology 021;128:1169-1179.
23. Okamoto F, Sone H, Nonoyama T, Hommura S. Refractive changes in diabetic patients during intensive glycaemic control. Br J Ophthalmol 2000;84:1097–1102
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25. Rodrigues GB, Abe RY, Zangalli C, Sodre SL, Donini FA, Costa DC, et. al. Neovascular glaucoma: a review. Int J Retin Vitr 2016;2:26
26. Skarbez K, Priestley Y, Hoepf M, Koevary SB. Comprehensive review of the effects of diabetes on ocular health. Expert Rev Ophthalmol. 2010;5(4):557-577.
27. Tamhankar MA, Biousse V, Gui-Shuang Y et. al. Isolated Third, Fourth and Sixth Cranial Nerve Palsies From Presumed Microvascular Versus Other Causes: A Prospective Study. Ophthalmology 2013;120(11).
28. Watanabe K, Hagura R, Akanuma Y et al. Characteristics of cranial nerve palsies in diabetic patients. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract 1990;10(1):19–27
29. Huemer J, Khalid H, Ferraz D, Faes L, Korot E, Jurkute N, et. al. Re-evaluating diabetic papillopathy using optical coherence tomography and inner retinal sublayer analysis. Eye, 2022; 36:1476–1485
30. Wang Y, Wu S, Wen F, Cao Q. Diabetes mellitus as a risk factor for retinal vein occlusion: A meta-analysis. Medicine 2020;99:9.

p16-18 Menopause and diabetes

1. Burger HG, Dudley EC, Robertson DM, Dennerstein L. Hormonal changes in the menopause transition. Recent ProgHorm Res 2002; 57: 257--75.
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5. Dorman JS, Steenkiste AR, Foley TP, et al. Menopause in type 1 diabetic women: is it premature? Diabetes 2001; 50(8): 1857-62.
6. Yarde F, van der Schouw YT, de Valk HW, et al. Age at menopause in women with type 1 diabetes mellitus: the OVADIA study. Hum Reprod 2015; 30(2): 441-6.
7. Yi Y, El Khoudary SR, Buchanich JM, et al. Association of age at diabetes complication diagnosis with age at natural menopause in women with type 1 diabetes: The Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications (EDC) Study. J Diabetes Complications 2021; 35(3): 107832.
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16. Gray KE, Katon JG, LeBlanc ES, et al. Vasomotor symptom characteristics: are they risk factors for incident diabetes? Menopause 2018; 25(5): 520-30.
17. Rouen PA, Krein SL, Reame NE. Postmenopausal Symptoms in Female Veterans with Type 2 Diabetes: Glucose Control and Symptom Severity. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2015; 24(6): 496-505.
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25. Margolis KL, Bonds DE, Rodabough RJ, et al. Effect of oestrogen plus progestin on the incidence of diabetes in postmenopausal women: results from the Women's Health Initiative Hormone Trial. Diabetologia 2004; 47(7): 1175-87.
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27. Prentice RL, Aragaki AK, Chlebowski RT, et al. Randomized Trial Evaluation of the Benefits and Risks of Menopausal Hormone Therapy Among Women 50-59 Years of Age. Am J Epidemiol 2021; 190(3): 365-75.
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29. Rossouw J, Anderson G, Prentice R, et al. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results from the Women's Health Initiative Randomised Controlled Trial. JAMA 2002; 288(3): 321-33.
30. Canonico M, Oger E, Conard J, et al. Obesity and risk of venous thromboembolism among postmenopausal women: differential impact of hormone therapy by route of estrogen administration. The ESTHER Study. Journal of thrombosis and haemostasis : JTH 2006; 4(6): 1259-65.
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33. Vinogradova Y, Coupland C, Hippisley-Cox J. Use of hormone replacement therapy and risk of breast cancer: nested case-control studies using the QResearch and CPRD databases. Bmj 2020; 371: m3873.
34. Fournier A, Fabre A, Mesrine S, Boutron-Ruault MC, Berrino F, Clavel-Chapelon F. Use of different postmenopausal hormone therapies and risk of histology- and hormone receptor-defined invasive breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 2008; 26(8): 1260-8.
35. Baber RJ, Panay N, Fenton ATIWG. 2016 IMS Recommendations on women's midlife health and menopause hormone therapy. Climacteric 2016; 19(2): 109-50.
36. Gartoulla P, Worsley R, Bell RJ, Davis SR. Moderate to severe vasomotor and sexual symptoms remain problematic for women aged 60 to 65 years. Menopause 2015; 22(7): 694-701.
37. Kingsberg SA, Krychman M, Graham S, Bernick B, Mirkin S. The Women's EMPOWER Survey: Identifying Women's Perceptions on Vulvar and Vaginal Atrophy and Its Treatment. J Sex Med 2017; 14(3): 413-24.
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p20-22 Long-term metformin use risks B12 deficiency: review, clinical assessment and management

1. Diabetes Australia. National Diabetes Services Scheme Snapshot – September 2022. [ONLINE]. Accessed November 1 2022. Available at https://www.ndss.com.au/about-the-ndss/diabetes-facts-and-figures/diabetes-data-snapshots/
2. Royal Australian College of General Practitioners. ‘What medicines are prescribed the most in Ausralia’. December 2021. [ONLINE]. Accessed November 1 2022. Available at https://www1.racgp.org.au/newsgp/clinical/what-medicines-are-prescribed-the-most-in-australi
3. de Jager J, Kooy A, Lehert P, et al. Long term treatment with metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes and risk of vitamin B-12 deficiency: randomised placebo controlled trial. BMJ. 2010 May 20;340:c2181.
4. American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee, Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes – 2022. Diabetes Care. 45(1):S46-S59
5. Stabler SP. Clinical practice. Vitamin B12 deficiency. N Engl J Med. 2013;368(2):149-160.
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17. Mechanick JI, Youdim A, Jones DB, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the perioperative nutritional, metabolic, and nonsurgical support of the bariatric surgery patient—2013 update: cosponsored by American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, the Obesity Society, and American Society for Metabolic & Bariatric Surgery. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2013;9(2):159-191

p24 – 27 Diabetes management at end of life

1. Hall A, Boulton E, Kunonga P et al. Identifying older adults with frailty approaching end-of-life: A systematic review. Palliat Med 2021; 35: 1832-1843
2. Mauck EE. An Operational Definition of End-of-Life Healthcare: A complex and Subjective Construct. Omega 2022; DOI: 10.1177/00302228221086058
3. Tripp D, Janis J, Jarrett B et al. How Well Does the Surprise Question Predict 1-year Mortality for Patients Admitted with COPD. J Gen Int Med 2021; 36: 2656-2662
4. Dunning T, Duggan N, Savage S. Caring for People with Diabetes at the End of Life. Curr Diab Rep 2016; 16: 103
5. White N, Kupeli N, Vickerstaff V et al. How accurate is the ‘Surprise question’ at identifying patients at end of life? A systemic review and meta-analysis. BMC Med 2017; 15: DOI: 10.1186/s12916-16-017-0907-4
6. De Bock R, Van Den Noortgate N and Piers R. Validation of the Supportive and Palliative Care Indicators Tool in a Geriatric Population. J Palliat Med 2018; 21(2): 220-224 and Mitchell GK, Senior HE, Rhee JJ et al. Using intuition or a formal palliative care needs assessment screening process in general practice to predict death within 12 months: A randomised controlled trial. Palliat Med. 2018 Feb;32(2):384-394. doi: 10.1177/0269216317698621. Epub 2017 Apr 28. PMID: 28452570.
7. University of Edinburgh. Supportive and Palliative Care Indicators Tool. https://www.spict.org.uk
8. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Diabetes compendium. 2017 26 June 2018]; https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/diabetes/diabetescompendium/contents/how-many-australians-have-diabetes
9. Dionisio R, Giardini A, De Cata P et al. Diabetes Management in End of Life: A Preliminary Report Stemming From Clinical Experience. Am J Hosp Palliat Care 2105; 32(6): 588-593
10. Dunning T and Martin P. Palliative and end of life care of people with diabetes: Issues, challenges and strategies. Diab Res Clin Prac 2018; 143: 454-463
11. Trinacty J and Keely E. End of Life: What Does That Mean for the Management of Adult Patients With Type 1 Diabetes? Can J Diab 2019; 43(4): 261-262
12. James J. Dying well with diabetes. Ann Palliat Med 2019; 8(2): 178-189
13. Sharma A, Sikora L and Bush SH. Management of Diabetes Mellitus in Adults at the End of Life: A review of Recent Literature and Guidelines. J Palliat Med 2019; 22(9): 1133-1138
14. Diabetes Australia: www.diabetesaustralia.com.au
15. Chowdhury SR, Alam SR, Chowdhury RH et al. Management of Diabetes at the End of Life. 2021; 3(1) 44-46
16. Lindskog M, Kärvestedt L and Fürst CJ. Glycaemic control in end-of-life care: fundamental or futile? Curr Opin Support Palliat Care. 2014; 8: 378-382
17. Dunning T. Palliative and End-of-Life Care: Vital Aspects of Holistic Diabetes Care of Older People With Diabetes. Diab J 2020; 33(3): 246-254

p28-31 Ramadan and living with diabetes

1. Ahmed SH, Chowdhury TA, Hussain S, Syed A, Karamat A, Helmy A, et al. Ramadan and diabetes: a narrative review and practice update. 2020;11(11):2477-520.
2. Meo SA, Hassan AJJPMA. Physiological changes during fasting in Ramadan. 2015;65(5 Suppl 1):S6-14.
3. Hassanein M, Al-Arouj M, Hamdy O, Bebakar WMW, Jabbar A, Al-Madani A, et al. Diabetes and Ramadan: Practical guidelines. Diabetes research and clinical practice. 2017;126:303-16.
4. Ali S, Davies MJ, Brady EM, Gray LJ, Khunti K, Beshyah SA, et al. Guidelines for managing diabetes in Ramadan. Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association. 2016;33(10):1315-29.
5. Abolaban H, Al-Moujahed A. Muslim patients in Ramadan: A review for primary care physicians. Avicenna journal of medicine. 2017;7(3):81-7.
6. Myers PR, Shoqirat N, Allen DH, Dardas LAJDr, practice c. Patients with diabetes observing Ramadan: The experience of Muslims in the United States. 2019;150:282-7.
7. Salti I, Bénard E, Detournay B, Voinet C, et al. A population-based study of diabetes and its characteristics during the fasting month of Ramadan in 13 countries: results of the epidemiology of diabetes and Ramadan 1422/2001 (EPIDIAR) study. Diabetes Care. 2004;27(10):2306-11.
8. Afandi BO, Hassanein MM, Majd LM, Nagelkerke NJD. Impact of Ramadan fasting on glucose levels in women with gestational diabetes mellitus treated with diet alone or diet plus metformin: a continuous glucose monitoring study. BMJ open diabetes research & care. 2017;5(1):e000470.
9. Al-Arouj M, Bouguerra R, Buse J, Hafez S, Hassanein M, Ibrahim MA, et al. Recommendations for Management of Diabetes During Ramadan. Diabetes Care. 2005;28(9):2305-11.
10. Baqar S, Sheen, J., Andrikopoulos, Ekinci, E. Management of people with diabetes who choose to fast during Ramadan. Australian Diabetes Society Position Statement2022.
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15. Khalife T, Pettit JM, Weiss BD. Caring for Muslim patients who fast during Ramadan. American family physician. 2015;91(9):641-2.
16. Yusof B-NM, Yahya NF, Hasbullah FY, Zukiman WZHHW, Azlan A, Yi RLX, et al. Ramadan-focused nutrition therapy for people with diabetes: A narrative review. 2021;172:108530.
17. Beshyah S, Benbarka M, Sherif IJLJoM. Practical management of diabetes during Ramadan fast. 2007;2(4):185-9.
18. Zainudin SB, Yeoh EJSMJ. Preparing Muslims with diabetes mellitus for Ramadan fasting in Singapore: a clinical approach and review of current practice. 2022;63(11):633-40.
19. Loh HH, Lim LL, Loh HS, Yee A. Safety of Ramadan fasting in young patients with type 1 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of diabetes investigation. 2019;10(6):1490-501.

p32-34 Red meat and diabetes

1. Lee Y, Park K. Adherence to a vegetarian diet and diabetes risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Nutrients. 2017;9(6). doi:10.3390/nu9060603
2. Pollakova D, Andreadi A, Pacifici F, Della-Morte D, Lauro D, Tubili C. The Impact of Vegan Diet in the Prevention and Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review. Nutrients. 2021;13(6). doi:10.3390/NU13062123
3. Toumpanakis A, Turnbull T, Alba-Barba I. Effectiveness of plant-based diets in promoting well-being in the management of type 2 diabetes: A systematic review. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. 2018;6(1). doi:10.1136/bmjdrc-2018-000534
4. Fan M, Li Y, Wang C, et al. Dietary Protein Consumption and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: ADose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies. Nutr 2019, Vol 11, Page 2783. 2019;11(11):2783. doi:10.3390/NU11112783
5. Tian S, Xu Q, Jiang R, et al. Dietary protein consumption and the risk of type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Nutrients. 2017;9(9):1-17. doi:10.3390/nu9090982
6. Micha R, Michas G, Mozaffarian D. Unprocessed red and processed meats and risk of coronary artery disease and type 2 diabetes--an updated review of the evidence. 2012;14(6). doi:10.1007/s11883-012-0282-8
7. Schwingshackl L, Hoffmann G, Lampousi A-M, et al. Food groups and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Eur J Epidemiol. 2017;32(5):363-375. doi:10.1007/s10654-017-0246-y
8. Neuenschwander M, Ballon A, Weber KS, et al. Role of diet in type 2 diabetes incidence: umbrella review of meta-analyses of prospective observational studies. BMJ. 2019;366. doi:10.1136/BMJ.L2368
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